Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infections are becoming increasingly recognized as a health concern, particularly for individuals with pre-existing lung conditions. These environmental bacteria can cause chronic lung infections that may mimic other respiratory diseases, making diagnosis and management crucial. This guide will help you understand the symptoms, who is most at risk, how to get tested, and what precautions to take.
Understanding NTM and Who It Affects
NTM refers to a group of bacteria found in soil, water, and dust that can cause lung infections, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions. Those most at risk include:
- People with bronchiectasis or chronic lung diseases like COPD and cystic fibrosis
- Individuals with weakened immune systems
- Older adults, especially women over 60
- People with a history of frequent antibiotic use
More than 86,000 people are living with NTM lung disease in the U.S.
Symptoms of NTM Lung Disease
NTM lung infections often present with symptoms that can be mistaken for other respiratory illnesses such as tuberculosis or chronic bronchitis. Common symptoms include:
- Chronic cough that persists for weeks or months
- Increased sputum production, sometimes with blood
- Shortness of breath
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and general weakness
- Night sweats
If you experience these symptoms for an extended period, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation.
How to Check for NTM Infection
1. Consult a Pulmonologist
A healthcare provider, particularly a pulmonologist or infectious disease specialist, can help assess your symptoms and risk factors for NTM.
2. Chest Imaging
A high-resolution CT scan of the chest is often the first diagnostic step. It can reveal lung abnormalities, such as nodules, bronchiectasis, or cavitary lesions, that are commonly associated with NTM disease.
3. Sputum Culture and Testing
A sputum culture is the most definitive test for diagnosing NTM lung disease. A sample of mucus from deep within the lungs is collected and analyzed to detect the presence of NTM bacteria.
4. Bronchoscopy (If Needed)
In some cases, if sputum samples are inconclusive, a bronchoscopy may be performed. This procedure involves inserting a small camera into the lungs to collect fluid or tissue samples.
5. Pulmonary Function Tests
These tests assess lung function and help determine the severity of the infection’s impact on breathing.
Precautions to Reduce NTM Risk
Although NTM is present in the environment and cannot be entirely avoided, there are several precautions to minimize the risk of infection:
- Avoid exposure to aerosolized water: Minimize activities that generate water mist, such as hot tubs; showers can be fitted with appropriately certified filters if you prefer that to a bath.
- Use filtered water: Consider using high-quality filters with pores small enough to filter out NTM for drinking water and respiratory therapy devices. You can also use sterile water.
- Improve indoor air quality: Regularly clean air conditioners, and ventilation systems.
- Maintain good respiratory hygiene: Practice airway clearance techniques, particularly if you have bronchiectasis or chronic lung conditions.
If you suspect you have NTM lung disease, early diagnosis and proper medical care are key to managing symptoms and preventing complications. Consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent respiratory symptoms. By understanding risk factors and taking preventive measures, you can help protect your lung health.
Bibliography
- National Jewish Health. “NTM Infection Symptoms.” https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/ntm-nontuberculous-mycobacteria/ntm/symptoms
- American Lung Association. “NTM Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors.” https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/nontuberculous-mycobacteria/ntm-symptoms-causes-risks
- Cleveland Clinic. “NTM Lung Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment.” https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22861-ntm-lung-disease
- AboutNTM. “NTM Lung Disease Risk Factors & Causes.” https://www.aboutntm.com/who-is-at-risk
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections.” https://www.cdc.gov/nontuberculous-mycobacteria/about/index.html
